Background: Agricultural practices profoundly influence the bioavailability of bioactive compounds in medicinal plants, affecting their therapeutic efficacy. This study compares the impact of conventional and organic farming practices on the phytochemical profiles, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties of selected medicinal plants (Withania somnifera, Ocimum sanctum, Echinacea purpurea, and Panax ginseng).

Methods: Plant samples were collected from conventional and organic farms, and key bioactive compounds were quantified using HPLC and spectrophotometric assays. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH assay, while antimicrobial efficacy was assessed through the disk diffusion method. Controlled environmental stress experiments were also conducted to assess secondary metabolite responses.

Results: Organic farming significantly enhanced bioactive compound concentrations, with a 22% increase in withanolides in Withania somnifera and an 18% increase in phenolic content in Tulsi. Antioxidant activity was higher in all organically grown plants, with a 30% improvement in Withania somnifera. Antimicrobial properties were notably stronger in organic Tulsi, exhibiting a 40% larger inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.