Background: Plant-based drugs are integral to modern medicine, with agriculture playing a critical role in their supply. However, optimizing the cultivation of medicinal plants and ensuring sustainable practices remain significant challenges.

Objective: This study evaluates the influence of soil quality, climate, and cultivation techniques on the yield of bioactive compounds in medicinal plants and explores sustainable solutions for pharmaceutical supply chains.

Methods: Experiments were conducted on Catharanthus roseus, Taxus brevifolia, and Artemisia annua using field trials, hydroponics, and tissue culture techniques. Bioactive compound yields were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Regulatory frameworks were reviewed to assess sustainability and equity in resource use.

Results: Optimal yields were observed in nutrient-rich loamy soils under favorable climatic conditions, with vincristine (0.023 mg/g), paclitaxel (0.07 mg/g), and artemisinin (1.4% dry weight) showing significant improvements in controlled hydroponic and tissue culture systems. Policy gaps in intellectual property rights and benefit-sharing mechanisms were identified, emphasizing the need for stronger regulations.